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Eric Cunningham Dax
Dr Eric Cunningham Dax, AO, BSc Lond, HonMD, FRACP, FRANZCP, HonFRCPsych (18 May 1908 – 29 January 2008) was a British-born Australian psychiatrist.
==Clinical Work and Research into Art in England==
In England during the 1930s and 1940s, Dax worked with John Rawlings Rees, Francis Reitmann and other biological psychiatrists who advocated the use of somatic (physical) treatments for patients with mental problems. He contributed to the development of chemical shock,〔Dax, E. C. (1940) Convulsion therapy by ammonium chloride. ''Journal of Mental Science'' 86: 660–667.〕 electroconvulsive therapy,〔Dax, E. C. (1951) Indications for shock therapy. ''Journal of Mental Science'' 97: 142–144〕 and lobotomy〔Dax, E. C., Reitmann, F. & Radley-Smith, E. J. (1949) Vertical and horizontal incisions in the frontal lobes in leucotomy. ''Proceedings 1st International Conference on Psychosurgery, Lisboa, 1949'' pp. 119–122〕 while working at Netherne Hospital, Coulsdon, and continued to use lobotomy in Australia.〔Freeman, W. (1965) Psychosurgery. ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' 121: 653–655.〕
Between 1946 and 1951—when Dax was the Medical Superintendent of Netherne Hospital—he and Reitmann, continuing the 1930s research into art and psychosis at the Maudsley Hospital, pioneered the use of art as part of mainstream psychiatric treatment. Their interest was to research using art both for treatment and for assisting the diagnosis of mental disorder. Dax employed the artist Edward Adamson to facilitate a research art studio at Netherne, and 689 of the people compelled to live at Netherne painted with Adamson in this period, according to Robertson.〔Robertson, J. (1956). 'Mixture of writing with drawing as a psychotic behavior'. The Journal of General Psychology, 54, 1, p127-131.〕 Dax published his findings in 1953 in his "Experimental Studies in Psychiatric Art".〔Dax, E.C. (1953), Experimental Studies in Psychiatric Art. London, Faber and Faber)〕 He began a collection of artworks produced by psychiatric patients, taking about 20 objects from Netherne when he went to Melbourne, including paintings from the research art studio and tapestries made in occupational therapy.〔Dax, E.C. (1998) The Cunningham Dax Collection: Selected Works of Psychiatric Art. Melbourne University Press 102 pp. ISBN 0-522-84768-4〕 The Cunningham Dax Collection became one of the largest collections of its type in the world. The Collection can be viewed at the (Dax Centre ), located in Parkville, Victoria. The Centre runs public education programs and seeks to promote mental health and wellbeing by fostering a greater understanding of the mind, mental illness and trauma through art and creativity.〔http://www.daxcentre.org/about-us/〕
Adamson carried on the studio for 35 years, and is one of the pioneers of Art Therapy in Britain,〔Hogan, S. (2001). Healing Arts: The History of Art Therapy. London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers.〕 and founded the Adamson Collection, now comprising approximately 6000 paintings, drawings, sculptures and ceramics created at Netherne, and currently almost all re-located to the Wellcome Library in anticipation of a securer future in several international institutions.
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